Alexander the Great الإسكندر الأكبر

Alexander III of Macedon ,The ancient king of Macedon.
He was a king of Macedon , a state in the north eastern region of Greece, and by the age of thirty was the creator of one of the largest empires in ancient history, stretching from the Ionian sea[ is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea.] to the Himalaya [ or Himalaya Mountains is a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau.].
He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of the most successful commanders of all time.He was tutored by the famed philosopher Aristotle.
In 336 BC he succeeded his father Philip II of Macedon to the throne after Philip was assassinated [ killed ]. Philip had brought most of the city-states of mainland Greece under Macedonian hegemony, using both military and diplomatic means. Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army.

His birth and childhood :
Alexander was born July 356 BC,in Pella, the capital of the Ancient Greek Kingdom of Macedon. He was the son of Philip II, the King of Macedon. His mother was Philip's fourth wife Olympias[the principal wife], the daughter of Neoptolemus I, the king of Epirus .

On the day that Alexander was born: 
Philip ( his father) had won the war against the combined Illyrian and Paeonian armies, and that his horses had won at the Olympic Games. It was also said that on this day, the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus—one of the Seven Wonders of the World—burnt down, leading Hegesias of Magnesia to say that it burnt down because Artemis was attending the birth of Alexander.

Alexander the Great's horse [ Bucephalus ]
It mean  "ox-head"
It is one of the most famous actual horses of antiquity.Bucephalus died after the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326[ due to old age , he was already thirty] BC, in what is now modern Pakistan, and is buried Pakistan.
The story of the horse started when Alexander was ten years old a horse trader from brought Philip a horse The horse refused to be mounted by anyone, and Philip ordered it to be taken away.Alexander, detected the horse's fear of his own shadow and asked for a turn to tame the horse, which he eventually managed.Philip, overjoyed at this display of courage and ambition, kissed him tearfully, declaring: "My boy, you must find a kingdom big enough for your ambitions. Macedon is too small for you", and bought the horse for him.

His Education :
When Alexander was thirteen years old, Philip began to search for a tutor .Many people were passed over,In the end, Philip offered the job to Aristotle, who accepted, and Philip provided the Temple of the Nymphs at Mieza as a classroom. In return for teaching Alexander, Philip agreed to rebuild Aristotle's hometown of Stageira . 


Alexander in Egypt :
He spent several months in Egypt as part of his on-going campaign against the mighty Persian  Empire of Darius III. After conquering Persia's naval bases all along the coastline of Asia Minor and Syria-Palestine, Alexander marched south into Egypt [ in an eccentric diversion]where he remained for some six months. Alexander's Egyptian sojourn was essential to his future plans. He needed a strong coastal base for both strategic and commercial purposes, from which he could not only communicate across the Mediterranean but which could also handle the highly lucrative sea-borne trade network he wanted to divert from Phoenicia   


For almost 200 years Egypt had been occupied by Persia who had incorporated it into the growing empire, and assuming the Egyptian crown by right of conquest the Persian king had ruled in absentia through a satrap, exploiting its vast grain reserves and taxing its people.


Alexander advanced on Egypt in later 332 BC, where he was regarded as a liberator[ liberate the Egyptians from Persia' occupation ].He was pronounced the new "master of the Universe" and son of the deity of Amun at the Oracle of Siwa Oasis in the Libyan desert,Alexander often referred to Zeus-Ammon as his true father, and subsequent currency depicted him adorned with ram horns as a symbol of his divinity.

he was offered the double crown of the Two Lands. Anointed as pharaoh in Memphis on 14 November 332 bc, the culmination of his coronation was the climactic moment when the high priest named him 'son of the gods' according to traditions dating back almost 3,000 years. This title deeply affected him, and Olympias' references to him being the son of Zeus must have filled his mind; indeed, there were even scenes of the king of the gods Amun ('Zeus') impregnating selected queens with the heir to the throne! In a world where the gods were perceived as living entities and were considered a part of everyday life, Alexander must now have began to believe in his own divinity as a fact rather than a simple exercise of propaganda.

 Alexander left Egypt in the spring (mid-April) of 331 bc a changed man. Although he would never return alive to see the city he had founded, it would eventually be his final resting place when his embalmed body was returned there for burial only 10 years later.


During his stay in Egypt, he founded Alexandria-by-Egypt, which would become the prosperous capital of the Ptolemaic Kingdom after his death.

His Death :

The story of Alexander's death is a bit mysterious .On either 10 or 11 June 323 BC, Alexander died in the  in Babylon at the age of 32 .

14 days before his death, Alexander entertained his admiral Nearchus[ was one of the officers, in the army of Alexander] and spent the night and next day drinking with Medius of Larissa[ a friend of Alexander ].He developed a fever, which grew steadily worse, until he was unable to speak .

Another story hat Alexander was struck down with pain after downing a large bowl of unmixed wine in honor of Hercules, and died after some agony.

Another possible cause of Alexander's death is an overdose of medication containing hellebore, which is deadly in large doses

Fate after death :

Alexander's body was placed in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus, which was in turn placed in a second gold casket. Some said that the land where Alexander was laid to rest "would be happy and unvanquishable forever".

At any rate, Ptolemy stole the funeral cortege, and took it to Memphis.His successor, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, transferred the sarcophagus to Alexandria, where it remained until at least Late Antiquity.Ptolemy IX Lathyros, one of the last successors of Ptolemy I, replaced Alexander's sarcophagus with a glass one so he could melt the original down for issues of his coinage. Pompey, Julius Caesar and Augustus all visited the tomb in Alexandria .

Alexander wished to be remembered as a god by burial at Siwah, but this wish was not fulfilled. He may have been remembered as a great king of Macedon by burial at Aegae, but this possibility too was not realized. Though he was indeed buried at Alexandria, he did not become the legitimizing symbol the Ptolemies had hoped. Not truly god, not merely king, refusal in death to become another’s icon, it seems the memory of Alexander as traced through his physical remains is as ancient and distant to us as the body itself.

I had tried to make the story as short as possible so you will not got tired of reading it .

Sorry also for not including Photoshop lesson today cause the post will be so long .

Thanks 

الإسكندر الأكبر أو الإسكندر المقدونى

كان ملك مقدونيا  وهى مقاطعه تقع فى شمال شرق اليونان
 قبل سن الثلاثين استطاع تكوين أكبر الامبراطوريات في التاريخ القديم و التى تمتد من البحر الأيوني(فرع من البحر المتوسط ) حتى جبال الهيمالايا
كان القائد الذى لا يقهر ويعتبر واحدا من القادة الأكثر نجاحا على الإطلاق 
وقد درس على يد أرسطو الفيلسوف الشهير 
في 336 قبل الميلاد خلف والده فيليب الثاني المقدوني الى العرش بعد اغتياله
وحد فيليب قبل موته معظم دول المدينة اليونانية والبر الرئيسى تحت الهيمنة المقدونيةباستخدام كل الوسائل العسكرية والدبلوماسية 
ورث الاسكندر مملكة قوية وجيشا ذو خبرة
تلقى والده يوم مولده العديد من البشارات فقد انتصرت جيوشه فى احدى الموقع الهامه بينما فازت خيله في دورة الالعاب الاولمبية 


حصان الإسكندر 
وهو واحد من الخيول الفعلية الأكثر شهرة في العصور القديمة مات الحصان و دفن فى باكستان بسبب كبر سنه فقد بلغ ثلاثون عاما من العمر 
لهذا الحصان قصه شهيره عندما اراد فيليب والد الإسكندر ان يشتريه ولم يستطيع احد ان يركبه ولكن الإسكندر عرف كيف يتعامل معه و كان عمره آنذاك عشره أعوام فداعبه أبوه قائلاً" يا بنى يجب أن تجد مملكة كبيرة بما يكفي لطموحاتك. مقدونيا صغير جدا بالنسبة لك " و قبله حانياً عليه و الدموع فى عينيه 


الإسكندر فى مصر
كانت رحلة الإسكندر ضروريه له لتأمين فتوحاته و كانت مصر تقع تحت اللإحتلال الفارسى 
فلما هزم الإسكندر الفرس و دخل مصر شعر المصريون انه المحرر لهم من الإحتلال الفارسى و الذى دام 200 عاما 
و نصبوه ابن الآلهه و البسوه التاج المزدوج  مما زاد من حب الاسكندر لمصر 
و لكن اقامته بها لم تستمر الا ما يقرب من ستة اشهر و اكمل رحلته بعدها الى فارس 
توفى الإسكندر فى بابل عن عمر يناهز 32 عاما ولم يثبت حتى الآن السبب الحقيقى لوفاته فقيل انه مات بالسم  او الحمى 
اختلف على مكان دفنه فسرقه احد ملوك البطالمه بعده و دفنه فى الاسكندريه التى اسسها


هذا ملخص بسيط لحياة هذا العملاق العظيم


شكرا لمتابعتكم

Adding Frame to Your Photos With Four Ways

The original picture without frame

THE FIRST WAY : BY ADDING CANVAS .Please read  Canvas 

THE SECOND WAY : BY USING THE CUSTOM SHAPE TOOL.

• Open the document [the picture ] in Photoshop .
• Select the Custom Shape Tool .
• In the option bar of the tool select the shape ,style and color .
• Draw the frame around your picture 

THE THIRD WAY : WITH THE USE OF THE ACTIONS PANEL.

You can make a photo frame by increasing the canvas size and filling it with a color.

You can also use one of the prerecorded actions to make a styled photo frame. It’s best to do this on a copy of your photo.

1 - Open the Actions panel. Choose Window > Actions.

2 - Choose Frames from the Actions panel menu.

3 - Choose one of the frame actions from the list.

4 - Click the Play Selection button.

The action plays, creating the frame around your photo.

THE FOURTH WAY : WITH THE USE OF THE BRUSH TOOL

• Add a new layer ,then select the Brush Tool .
• Select the shape you like from the menu and choose the size to be suitable for the thickness of the frame  and draw all around the picture .
• In the layers panel select the layer style you like here I had used the Dissolve  

THAT'S ALL CHOOSE WHAT YOU LIKE MORE AND SAVE YOUR WORK

THANKS

Different ways to change the look of your pictures

Did you got tired of the look of your photos ?
Do you like to get different feeling when you look for it ?
Lets try to do it now .

Here is the original photo  

 ( 1 ) That is the look of drawing with colored pencil 

( 2 )Here we can find the black and white look.

THE FIRST PHOTO 
First of all open the picture in Photoshop .

1. Duplicate the background layer [ Ctrl + J] 
2. Go to Image menu and then Adjustments -Shadows/Highlights .Put Shadows to 100 and Highlights to 0 
3. Go to Filter Menu - Stylize - Find Edges .
4. Go to Edit Menu - Fade Find Edges .It will open Fade box put the Opacity to 100 and the Mode to Luminosity.
5. That's all save your work.

THE SECOND PHOTO

1. Duplicate the background layer [ Ctrl + J] 
2. Go to Image menu and then Adjustments -Desaturate the picture will go to black and white.
3. Go to Filter Menu - Stylize - Find Edges .
4. Go to Image menu and then Adjustments - Brightness /Contrast then put Brightness to -15 and contrast to 100.
5. Go again to Filter -Sharpen - Sharpen More .

Thanks

Life in Ancient Egypt in the Time of the Pharaohs{Part Two}

Welcome again to my second post about Life in Ancient Egypt to continue the story .I had divided it because it is long ,and I do not like you to get tired of me .
Thanks for your time .
MR

Agriculture
The ancient Egyptians had a rich fertile soil resulting from annual inundations of the Nile River,so Egyptians were able to produce an abundance of food .Farming in Egypt was dependent on the cycle of the Nile River.
The Egyptians recognized three seasons: Akhet (flooding from June to September ), Peret (planting  from October to February ), and Shemu (harvesting from March to May ) .Farmers used sickles to harvest their crops.
The ancient Egyptians cultivated emmer wheat, and barley, and several other cereal grains, all of which were used to make the two main food staples of bread and beer.
Papyrus growing on the banks of the Nile River was used to make paper. Vegetables and fruits were grown in garden plots .
They cultivate also flax plants ,which was used to weave sheets of linen and to make clothing.

Animals
The Egyptians believed that a balanced relationship between people and animals was an essential element of the cosmic order; thus humans, animals and plants were believed to be members of a single whole.
They use the animal's symbols to refer to their gods . the worship of the gods in their animal form was extremely popular, such as the cat goddess Bastet and the ibis god Thoth, and these animals were bred in large numbers on farms for the purpose of ritual sacrifice.

Daily life
*** Housing : Most ancient Egyptians were farmers tied to the land. Their houses were restricted to immediate family members, and were constructed of mud-brick designed to remain cool in the heat of the day. Each home had a kitchen with an open roof, which contained a grindstone for milling flour and a small oven for baking bread. Walls were painted white and could be covered with dyed linen wall hangings. Floors were covered with reed mats, while wooden stools, beds raised from the floor and individual tables comprised the furniture .
*** Hygiene and appearance : Most bathed in the Nile and used a pasty soap made from animal fat and chalk. Men shaved their entire bodies for cleanliness, and aromatic perfumes and ointments covered bad odors and soothed skin.
- Clothing was made from simple linen sheets that were bleached white, and both men and women of the upper classes wore wigs, jewelry, and cosmetics. Children went without clothing until maturity, at about age 12, and at this age males were circumcised and had their heads shaved. Mothers were responsible for taking care of the children, while the father provided the family's income.
- Clothing materials were mainly linen and in Roman times occasionally cotton, an import from India . Wool was used to a lesser extent .    Animal skins, above all leopard skins, were sometimes worn by priests and by pharaohs in their role as first servants of the god. Such outfits were found in Tutankhamen's tomb and were depicted quite frequently on the walls of tombs.
- Fashion    The clothes were generally made of linen and kept simple: a short loincloth resembling a kilt for men, a dress with straps for women.
- Laundering :  Cleanliness was apparently next to godliness in ancient Egypt.
Manually washing clothes was hard work. Soap was unknown to the ancient Egyptians, so lye, made of castor-oil and saltpetre or some such substances, or detergents made of soap wort or asphodel  were used. The laundry was beaten, rinsed and wrung by pairs of workers. By 1200 BCE there were fire-proof boilers in the wash-houses, and the hot water lightened the workload.
The poorer people had no access to facilities and had to do their laundry under at times difficult conditions. Washing on the shore of the river or the bank of a canal, which had the advantage of not having to carry a lot of water in heavy earthen pots.
- Headdresses : ordinary Egyptians did not wear any headdress as a rule , but it was better if you will put wigs like the Africans,perhaps on special occasions.
The pharaohs are always wearing crowns.
Footwear : Egyptians went barefoot much of the time, but wore sandals on special occasions or when their feet were likely to get hurt. The sandals were tied with two thongs and, if they had a pointed tip this was often turned upwards. They were made of leather or rush woven or stitched together, and often had leather soles and straps.Early Middle Kingdom shoes were little more than sandals with straps between the toes and joined to the sides at the heel with the upper leather just covering the foot without being fastened to the foot itself.

- Music and dance : were popular entertainments for those who could afford them. Early instruments included flutes and harps, while instruments similar to trumpets, oboes, and pipes developed later and became popular. In the New Kingdom, the Egyptians played on bells, cymbals, tambourines, and drums and imported lutes and lyres from Asia.[128] The sistrum was a rattle-like musical instrument that was especially important in religious ceremonies.

The ancient Egyptians maintained a rich cultural heritage complete with feasts and festivals accompanied by music and dance.

Thanks for your time .I hope it was easy and useful .

Life in Ancient Egypt in the Time of the Pharaohs{Part One}حياة المصريين القدماء

Introduction to Ancient Egypt


Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt.
Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh.
The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. The Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age.
Egypt reached the top of its power during the New Kingdom { Egyptian Empire }, in the Ramesside period { after the eleven pharaohs that took the name of Ramesses }, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period.Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period.
The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River Valley.Life in ancient Egypt was centered largely on agriculture. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and culture .

The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known ships, Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treaty .
Egypt left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world.

Administration and commerce
The pharaoh was the absolute monarch of the country and, wielded complete control of the land and its resources.The king was the supreme military commander and head of the government,who relied on a bureaucracy of officials to manage his affairs .
The vizier, who acted as the king's representative .
Ancient Egyptians did not use coinage until the Late period , they were using a type of money-barter system.
During the 5th century BC coined money was introduced into Egypt from abroad. At first the coins were used as standardized pieces of precious metal rather than true money, but in the following centuries international traders came to rely on coinage.
Grain could be traded for other goods, according to the fixed price list.


Social status

Egyptian society was highly stratified, and social status was expressly displayed .
**Farmers made up the bulk of the population,but agricultural produce was owned directly by the state, temple, or noble family that owned the land.Farmers were also subject to a labor tax and were required to work on irrigation or construction projects in a corvée system.
**Artists and craftsmen were of higher status than farmers, but they were also under state control, working in the shops attached to the temples and paid directly from the state treasury.
**Scribes and officials formed the upper class in ancient Egypt .
**The so-called "white kilt class" in reference to the bleached linen garments that served as a mark of their rank.
**The upper class prominently displayed their social status in art and literature. Below the nobility were the priests, physicians, and engineers with specialized training in their field.
**Slavery was known in ancient Egypt , but the extent is not clear .

The ancient Egyptians viewed men and women, including people from all social classes except slaves, as essentially equal under the law.


Both men and women had the right to own and sell property, make contracts, marry and divorce, receive inheritance, and pursue legal disputes in court.
Compared with their counterparts in ancient Greece, Rome, and even more modern places around the world, ancient Egyptian women had a greater range of personal choices and opportunities for achievement. Women such as Hatshepsut and Cleopatra even became pharaohs.
Despite these freedoms,Egyptian women were not as likely to be as educated as men.

Please read also
Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
Ancient Egyptian symbols and Definitions
Egyptian hieroglyphs
Pharaoh

مقدمه لحضارة مصر القديمه

تواجدت حضاره مصر القديمه فى الشمال الشرقى لأفريفيا تركزت هذه الحضاره على   نهر النيل و هى الآن دوله مصر الحديثه 

و فى حوالى 3150 قبل الميلاد التأمت الحضارة المصرية  مع الوحدة السياسية لمصر العليا والسفلى تحت الفرعون الأول

و قد كان تاريخ مصر عباره عن سلسله من الممالك المستقره بينها فترات من الضعف   عرف بالفترات الانتقاليه عصر الدولة القديمة من العصر البرونزي المبكر ، المملكة الوسطى من العصر البرونزي الوسيط وعصر الدولة الحديثة من العصر البرونزي المتأخر

وصلت مصر الي قمة قوتها خلال عصر الدولة الحديثة  وهو ما عرف بالإمبراطورية  المصرية فى فترة الرعامسة  وسميت بهذا الأسم بعد الأحد عشر فرعون الذين كانوا يسموا باسم رمسيس بعدها شهدت البلاد تراجعا بطيئاو احتلت مصر بسلسله متعاقبه من القوى الاجنبيه 

اعتمد المصريون القدماء فى حضارتهم الخالده على نهر النيل و لهذا قامت حضارتهم على الزراعه  

حققت الحضاره المصريه القديمه انجازات كثيرة تشمل المحاجر و المسح وتقنيات التشييد و البناء سهلت بناء الأهرامات الضخمة والمعابد، و المسلات؛ و كذلك نظام للرياضيات و نظام عملي وفعال في الطب ونظم الري وتقنيات الانتاج الزراعي ، وأول سفن عرفها التاريخ  القيشاني المصري وتكنولوجيا الزجاج ، بالأضافه الى أشكال جديدة من الأدب وأول معاهدة سلام عرفها التاريخ 

تركت مصر إرثا دائما فقد تم نسخ و تقليد الفن و العماره المصريه القديمه على نطاق واسع 

كان المصريون القدماء رجالا و نساء متساوون امام القضاء ماعدا العبيد

كان الرجال و النساء متساون فى كل الحقوق فى البيع و الشراء و العقود و الزواج و الطلاق و قد سبقوا الممالك القديمه فى ذلك 

و كانت المرأة تتمتع بحريه كبيره فى المعاملات حتى انهن كن من اعظم ملكات التاريخ مثل حتشبسوت و نفرتيتى  

مع انهم مجتمع طبقى الأغلبيه من الفلاحين  وكان الفنانين و النحاتين اعلى شئنا من الفلاحين اما الاطباء و المهندسين فكانوا فى اعلى القائمه و يعتبروا من النبلاء

هذه نبذه بسيطه لان الموضوع طويل جدا 

اشكركم

Rainbow , And How To Create A Realistic Rainbow Effect With Photoshop (with video) قوس قزح

The original picture 

The Photoshop picture

What is a rainbow ?

A rainbow is an optical ( Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light,) and meteorological ( Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere) phenomenon that causes a spectrum of light to appear in the sky when the Sun shines on to droplets of moisture in the Earth's atmosphere. It takes the form of a multicoloured arc. Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly opposite the sun.

In a so-called "primary rainbow" (the lowest, and also normally the brightest rainbow) the arc of a rainbow shows red on the outer (or upper) part of the arc, and violet on the inner section. This rainbow is caused by light being reflected once in droplets of water. In a double rainbow, a second arc may be seen above and outside the primary arc, and has the order of its colours reversed (red faces inward toward the other rainbow, in both rainbows). This second rainbow is caused by light reflecting twice inside water droplets. The region between a double rainbow is dark. The reason for this dark band is that, while light below the primary rainbow comes from droplet reflection, and light above the upper (secondary) rainbow also comes from droplet reflection, there is no mechanism for the region between a double rainbow to show any light reflected from water drops.
Triple rainbows are impossible.

For colours seen by a normal human eye, the most commonly cited and remembered sequence, in English, is Newton's seven-fold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. However, colour-blind persons will see fewer colors.

Causes And Visibility 
Rainbows can be caused by many forms of airborne water. These include not only rain, but also mist, spray, and airborne dew( Dew is water in the form of droplets that appears on thin, exposed objects in the morning or evening.).
The rainbow effect is also commonly seen near waterfalls or fountains. In addition, the effect can be artificially created by dispersing water droplets into the air during a sunny day.
The rainbow effect is also commonly seen near waterfalls or fountains. In addition, the effect can be artificially created by dispersing water droplets into the air during a sunny day.

N.B A moonbow (also known as a lunar rainbow, lunar bow or white rainbow) is a rainbow produced by light reflected off the surface of the moon rather than from direct sunlight. Moonbows are relatively faint, due to the smaller amount of light reflected from the surface of the moon. They are always in the opposite part of the sky from the moon.

Its Variations
* Double rainbow
* Supernumerary rainbow or stacker rainbow
* Reflected rainbow or reflection rainbow
* Monochrome rainbow
* Circumhorizontal arc

قوس قزح

قَوْسُ قُزح يسمى كذلك قوس المطر أو قوس الألوان وهو ظاهرة طبيعية فيزيائية ناتجة عن انكسار وتحلل ضوء الشمس خلال قطرة ماء المطر

يظهر القوس قزح بعد سقوط المطر أو خلال سقوط المطر والشمس مشرقة

تكون الألوان في القوس اللون الأحمر من الخارج ويتدرج إلى البرتقالي فالأصفر فالأخضر فالأزرق فأزرق غامق (نيلي) فبنفسجي من الداخل

ضوء الشمس يحتوي علي العديد من الالوان الطيفية وهي عبارة عن أشعة ذات اطوال موجية مختلفة

يظهر قوس القزح عادة بشكل نصف دائري وفي حالات نادرة يكون قمرياً حيث يكون انكسار ضوء القمر المسبب لهُ عبر قطرة الماء ملائماً مع مكان وجود القمر في تلك اللحظات. ويظهر للمشاهد نتيجة لضوئهِ الخافت أبيض لأن العين البشرية لا تستطيع ان ترى الألوان في الليل

Open the landscape picture you like in Photoshop .

• Add new layer and select the Gradient Tool , it will open the tool option bar up, select the shape like a rainbow ,and choose ,radial gradient and draw a horizontal line , it will draw the bow.Put the the blending mode of the layer to Screen . 
• Go to Filter Menu - Blur - Motion Blur put the distance to 24to 26 .   
• Add layer mask to that layer by selecting the layer and click the icon down( the diagram). Put the Foreground color to black and Background color to white .Go again to the Gradient Tool and select now black and white gradient and draw a line from down upward outside the bow .
• Duplicate the layer and put the Opacity from 10-15.
• Duplicate the second layer again and select the move tool and move it slightly outside the arc .
• Select the lower two layers and put them in one group (Ctrl +G).
• Add a layer mask to the group layer and put the color to black and select soft brush ( put the hardness to 0) and click on the area of the arc on the ground to eliminate it .
• That's all , save your work .  

Thanks 

Adjusting image color and tone with Photoshop- Using Levels

Adjusting image color and tone

You can notice the difference between the two pictures that is the Levels Adjustments 

Levels overview

You use the Levels adjustment to correct the tonal range and color balance of an image by adjusting intensity levels of image shadows, midtones, and highlights. The Levels histogram is a visual guide for adjusting the image key tones .

To open the Levels dialog box do one of the following :

• Click the Levels icon or a Levels preset in the Adjustments panel.
• Choose Layer > New Adjustment Layer > Levels. Click OK in the New Layer dialog box.
• Choose Image > Adjustments > Levels.

Note: Choosing Image > Adjustments > Levels makes direct adjustments to the image layer and discards image information

To adjust the shadows and highlights manually, drag the black and white Input Levels sliders to the edge of the first group of pixels at either end of the histogram.

• To adjust the the black color drag the black head of the slider .
• To adjust the the white color drag the white head of the slider.
• To adjust midtones, use the middle Input slider to make a gamma adjustment.
• You can also use the Auto button to auto adjust the tone of your pictures
• You can delete the whole layer if you do not like the results .
• You can also select the color mode if RGB  or CMYK.